Обзор посвящен проблеме заболеваний органов дыхания, вызванных нетуберкулезными микобактериями. Представлены
литературные данные по эпидемиологии, клинике, диагностике и дифференциальной диагностике микобактериоза, этиотропному лечению заболевания при различных видах возбудителя и хирургическому лечению.
Ключевые слова: нетуберкулезные микобактерии, микобактериоз
Литвинов Виталий Ильич – научный руководитель ГБУЗ города Москвы «Московский городской научно-практический центр борьбы с туберкулезом Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы», доктор медицинских наук, профессор, академик РАН
Адрес: 107014, г. Москва, ул. Стромынка, д. 10
Тел. 8 (495) 268-04-15
e-mail: mnpcbtlv@yandex.ru
Гунтупова Лидия Доржиевна – заведующая отделением легочного туберкулеза клинико-диагностического центра
ГБУЗ «Московский городской научно-практический центр борьбы с туберкулезом Департамента здравоохранения города
Москвы», кандидат медицинских наук
Адрес: 107014, г. Москва, ул. Стромынка, д. 10
Тел. +7 (925) 050-28-20
e-mail: guntupov@mail.ru
Макарова Марина Витальевна – главный научный сотрудник отдела проблем лабораторной диагностики туберкулеза
и патоморфологии ГБУЗ города Москвы «Московский городской научно-практический центр борьбы с туберкулезом
Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы», доктор биологических наук
Адрес: 107014, г. Москва, ул. Стромынка, д. 10
Тел. +7 (916) 688-98-25, тел./факс 8 (495) 964-86-37
е-mail: makarova75@yandex.ru
Хачатурьянц Елена Николаевна – врач-бактериолог Централизованной бактериологической лаборатории ГБУЗ города Москвы «Московский городской научно-практический центр борьбы с туберкулезом Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»
Адрес: 107014, г. Москва, ул. Стромынка, д. 10
Тел. 8 (915) 302-15-43
e-mail: hen65b@mail.ru
1. Бердников Р.Б., Гринберг Л.М., Евсеев А.Ю., Камаев Е.Ю., Кравченко М.А. Летальный случай генерализованного микобактериоза у больного
с терминальной стадией ВИЧ-инфекции // Туберкулез и болезни легких. – 2016. – Т. 94. – № 4. – С. 57-62.
2. Вейсфеллер Д. Биология и изменчивость микобактерий туберкулеза и атипичные микобактерии: экспериментальные и теоретические
исследования. – Изд-во АН Венгрии, Будапешт. – 1975. – 335 с.
3. Гунтупова Л.Д., Борисов С.Е., Древаль П.А., Воробьев А.А., Исаева Ю.Д. Микобактериозы легких: хирургические аспекты диагностики и лечения //
Туберкулез и болезни легких. – 2016. – № 5. – С. 18 – 26.
4. Елисеев П.И., Марьяндышев А.О., Тарасова И.В., Хелдал А., Хиндеракер С.Г. Диагностика и лечение легочного микобактериоза у пациентов
с подозрением на туберкулез легких // Туберкулез и болезни легких. – 2018. – Т. 96. – № 7. – С. 61-62.
5. Литвинов В.И., Макарова М.В., Краснова М.А. Нетуберкулезные микобактерии. – М.: МНПЦБТ, 2008. – 255 с.
6. Майорова А.А. Идентификация нетуберкулезных микобактерий и выбор оптимальной комбинации методов для их видовой
дифференциации // Автореф. дис. … канд. биол. наук. – М., 2007. – 26 с.
7. МКБ-10. Международная статистическая классификация болезней. – 2003. – 924 с.
8. Нетуберкулезные микобактерии, микобактериозы / Под ред. В.И. Литвинова, Е. М. Богородской, С.Е. Борисова. – М.: МНПЦБТ, 2014. – 256 с.
9. Определитель бактерий Берджи. 9-е изд. В 2 т. – Пер. с англ./ Под ред. Дж. Хоулта, Н. Крига, П. Снита, Дж. Стейли, С. Уилльямса. – М.: Мир. –
1997. – 800 с.
10. Оттен Т.Ф., Васильев А.В. Микобактериоз // СПб.: Мед. пресса. – 2005. – 224 с.
11. Петрова Л.В., Мельникова Е.И., Соловьев Ю.А., Ларионова Е.Е., Севастьянова Э.В. Выявление нетуберкулезных микобактерий в Республике
Марий Эл // Туберкулез и болезни легких. – 2018. – Т. 96. – № 2. – С. 41-46.
12. Суркова Л.К., Сагальчик Е.Р., Борисенко Т.Д., Залуцкая О.М. Распространенность нетуберкулезных микобактерий, проблемы диагностики и
лечения микобактериозов // Вести НАН Беларуси. – 2011. – № 2. – С. 12-18.
13. Adzic-Vukicevic Т., Barac A., Blanka-Protic A., Laban-Lazovic M., Lukovic B., Skodric-Trifunovic V., Rubino S. Clinical features of infection caused by
non-tuberculous mycobacteria: 7 years experience // Infection J. – 2018. – Vol. 46(3). – P. 357-363.
14. Ahn C.H., Ahn S.S., Anderson R.A., Murphy D.T., Mammo A. A four-drug regimen for initial treatment of cavitary disease caused by Mycobacterium avium
complex // Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. – 1986. – Vol. 134. – Р. 438-441.
15. Ahn C.H., Lowell J.R., Ahn S.S., Ahn S.I., Hurst G.A. Chemotherapy for pulmonary disease due to Mycobacterium kansasii: efficacies of some individual drugs //
Rev. Infect. Dis. – 1981. – Vol. 3. – P. 1028-1034.
16. Ahn C.H., Lowell J.R., Ahn S.S., Ahn S.I., Hurst G.A. Short-course chemotherapy for pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium kansasii // Am. Rev. Respir.
Dis. – 1983. – Vol. 128. – P. 1048 – 1050.
17. Ahn C.H., Wallace R.J.Jr., Steele L.C., Murphy D.T. Sulfonamide-containing regimens for disease caused by rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium kansasii //
Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. – 1987. – Vol. 135. – P. 10-16.
18. Akram S.M., Bhimji S.S. Mycobacterium Chelonae // Source StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2017 May 16.
19. Andréjak C., Lescure F.X., Douadi Y., Laurans G., Smail A., Duhaut P., Jounieaux V., Schmit J.L. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria pulmonary infection:
management and follow-up of 31 infected patients // J. Infect. – 2007. – Vol. 55(1). – P. 34-40.
20. Andrejak C., Lescure F.X., Pukenyte E., Douadi Y., Yazdanpanah Y., et al. Mycobacterium xenopi pulmonary infections: a multicentric retrospective study
of 136 cases in north-east France // Thorax. – 2009. – Vol. 64. – P. 659-665.
21. Andrejak C., Thomsen V.O., Johansen I.S., et al. Nontuberculous pulmonary mycobacteriosis in Denmark: incidence and prognostic factors // Am. J. Respir.
Crit. Care Med. – 2010. – Vol. 181. – P. 514-521.
22. Axson E.L., Bloom C.I., Quint J.K. Nontuberculous mycobacterial disease managed within UK primary care, 2006–2016 // Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. –
2018. – Vol. 37(9). – P. 1795-1803.
23. Babady N.E., Hall L., Abbenyi A.T., Eisberner J.J., Brown-Elliott B.A., Pratt C.J., McGlasson M.C., Beierle K.D., Wohlfiel S.L., Deml S.M., Wallace R.J., Wengenack
N.L. Evaluation of Mycobacterium avium complex clarithromycin susceptibility testing using SLOMYCO Sensititre panels and JustOne strips // J.
Clin. Microbiol. – 2010. – Vol. 48(5). – P. 1749-1752.
24. Banks J., Hunter A.M., Campbell I.A., Jenkins P.A., Smith A.P. Pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium xenopi: review of treatment and response. //
Thorax. – 1984. – Vol. 39. – P. 376-382.
25. Banks J.A., Hunter M., Campbell I.A., Jenkins P.A., Smith A.P. Pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium kansasii in Wales, 1970–1979: review of treatment
and response // Thorax. – 1983. – Vol. 38. – P. 271-274.
26. Basille D., Jounieaux V., Andréjak C. Treatment of other nontuberculous mycobacteria // Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med. – 2018. – Vol. 39(3). – P. 377-382.
27. Billinger M.E., Olivier K.N., Viboud C., et al. Nontuberculous mycobacteria-associated lung disease in hospitalized persons, United States, 1998-2005 // Emerg
Infect Dis. – 2009. – Vol. 15. – P. 1562-1569.
28. Brown B.A., Wallace R.J.Jr., Onyi G.O., De Rosa V., Wallace R.J. Activities of four macrolides, including clarithromycin, against Mycobacterium fortuitum,
Mycobacterium chelonae, and M. chelonae-like organisms // Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. – 1991. – Vol. 36. – P. 180-184.
29. Brown-Elliott B.A., Nash K.A., Wallace.J R. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, drug resistance mechanisms, and therapy of infections with nontuberculous
mycobacteria // Clin. Microbiol. Rev. – 2012. – Vol. 25(3). – P. 545-582.
30. Carneiro M.D.S., Nunes L.S., David S.M.M., Dias C.F., Barth A.L., Unis G. Nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease in a high tuberculosis incidence setting
in Brazil // J. Bras. Pneumol. – 2018. – Vol. 44(2). – P. 106-111.
31. Carro М.L., Barbero Herranz E., Nieto Royo R. Respiratory infections due to nontuberculous mycobacterias // Med. Clin. (Barc). – 2018. – Vol. 150(5). –
P. 191-197.
32. Cassidy P.M., Hedberg K., Saulson A. et al. Nontuberculous mycobacterial disease prevalence and risk factors: a changing epidemiology //
Clin. Infect. Dis. – 2009. – Vol. 49. – P. 124-129.
33. Cavusoglu C., Gurpinar T., Ecemis T. Evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibilities of rapidly growing mycobacteria by Sensititre RAPMYCO panel //
New Microbiol. – 2012. – Vol. 35(1). – P. 73-76.
34. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mycobacterium chelonae infections associated with facelifts: New Jersey, 2002–2003. MMWR Morb. Mortal
Wkly Rep. – 2004. – Vol. 53. – P. 192-194.
35. Chaisson R.E., Benson C.A., Dube M.P., Heifets L.B., Korvick J.A., Elkin S., Smith T., Craft J.C., Sattler F.R. Clarithromycin therapy for bacteremic Mycobacterium
avium complex disease: a randomized, double-blind, dose-ranging study in patients with AIDS // Ann. Intern. Med. – 1994. – Vol. 121. – P. 905-911.
36. Chou C.H., Chen H.Y., Chen C.Y., Huang C.T., Lai C.C., Hsueh P.R. Clinical features and outcomes of disseminated infections caused by non-tuberculous
mycobacteria in a university hospital in Taiwan, 2004–2008 // Scand. J. Infect. Dis. – 2011. – Vol. 43(1). – P. 8-14.
37. Cook J.L. Nontuberculous mycobacteria: opportunistic environmental pathogens for predisposed hosts // Br. Med. Bull. – 2010. – Vol. 96. – P. 45-59.
38. Corpe R.F. Surgical management of pulmonary disease due to Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare // Rev. Infect. Dis. – 1981. – Vol. 3. – P. 1064-1067.
39. Cowman S., Burns K., Benson S., Wilson R., Loebinger M.R. The antimicrobial susceptibility of non-tuberculous mycobacteria // J. Infect. – 2016. –
Vol. 72(3). – P. 324-331.
40. da Silva Telles M.A., Chimara E., Ferrazoli L., Riley L.W. Mycobacterium kansasii: antibiotic susceptibility and PCR-restriction analysis of clinical isolates //
J. Med. Microbiol. – 2005. – Vol. 54(10). – P. 975-979.
41. Dai J., Chen Y., Lauzardo M. Web-accessible database of hsp65 sequences from Mycobacterium reference strains // J. Clin. Microbiol. – 2011. – Vol. 49(6). –
P. 2296-2303.
42. Dailloux M., Abalain M., Laurain C. et al. Respiratory infections associated with nontuberculous mycobacteria in non-HIV patients // Eur. Respir. J. –
2006. – Vol. 28. – P. 1211-1215.
43. Daley C.L., Griffith D.E. Pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections // Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. – 2010. – Vol. 14(6). – Р. 665-671.
44. Dautzenberg B., Piperno D., Diot P., Truffot-Pernot C., Chavin J.P. Clarithromycin Study Group of France. Clarithromycin in the treatment of Mycobacterium
avium lung infections in patients without AIDS // Chest. – 1995. – Vol. 107. – P. 1035-1040.
45. Dautzenberg B., Saint T., Meyohas M.C. et al. Clarithromycin and other antimicrobial agents in the treatment of disseminated Mycobacterium avium
infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome // Arch. Intern. Med. –1993. – Vol. 153. – P. 368-372.
46. Dautzenberg B., Truffot C., Legris S. et al. Activity of clarithromycin against Mycobacterium avium infection in patients with acquired immune deficiency
syndrome // Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. – 1991. – Vol. 144. – P. 564-569.
47. Davidson P.T., Khanijo V., Gable M., Moulding T.S. Treatment of disease due to Mycobacterium intracellulare // Rev. Infect. Dis. – 1981. – Vol. 3. – P. 1052-1059.
48. Diel R. Ringshausen F. Richter E. Welker L. Schmitz J. Nienhaus A. Microbiological and clinical outcomes of treating non-Mycobacterium Avium Complex
nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis // Chest. – 2017. – Vol. 152(1). – P. 120-142.
49. Dixmier A., Meynard J.L., Lalande V., Lebeau B., Chouaid C. Pulmonary infections with Mycobacterium xenopi in patients without HIV infection //
Rev. Mal. Respir. – 2007. – Vol. 24. – P. 299-304.
50. Dutt A.K., Stead V.W. Long-term results of medical treatment in Mycobacterium intracellulare infection // Am. J. Med. – 1979. – Vol. 67. – P. 449-453.
51. Eisenberg E., Barza M. Azithromycin and clarithromycin // Curr. Clin. Top. Infect. Dis. Chest. – 1994. – Vol. 14. – P. 52-79.
52. Esteban J., Martin-de-Hijas N.Z., Garcia-Almeida D., Bodas-Sanchez A., Gadea I., Fernandez-Roblas R. Prevalence of erm methylase genes in clinical isolates
of non-pigmented, rapidly growing mycobacteria // Clin. Microbiol. Infect. – 2009. – Vol. 15. – P. 919-923.
53. Falkinham J.O. Epidemiology of infection by nontuberculous mycobacteria // Clin. Microbiol. – 1996. – Vol. 9. – P. 177-215.
54. Falkinham J.O. Nontuberculous mycobacteria in the environment // Clin. Chest. Med. – 2002. – Vol. 23. – P. 529-551.
55. Field S.K., Cowie R.L. Treatment of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex lung disease with a macrolide, ethambutol, and clofazimine //
Chest. – 2003. – Vol. 124. – P. 1482-1486.
56. Francis P.B., Jay S.J., Johanson W.G. Course of un-treated Mycobacterium kansasii disease // Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. – 1975. – Vol. 111. – P. 477-487.
57. Griffith D., Aksamit T., Brown-Elliott B. et al. An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases
// J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. – 2007. – Vol. 175(4). – P. 367-416.
58. Griffith D.E, Brown B.A., Murphy D.T., Girard W.M., Couch L.A., Wallace R.J. Initial (6-month) results of three-times-weekly azithromycin in treatment
regimens for Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients // J. Infect. Dis. – 1998. – Vol. 178. – P. 121-126.
59. Griffith D.E. The talking Mycobacterium abscessus blues // Clin. Infect. Dis. – 2011. – Vol. 52. – P. 572-574.
60. Griffith D.E., Brown B.A., Cegielski P., Murphy D.T., Wallace R.J. Early results (at 6 months) with intermittent clarithromycin-including regimens for lung
disease due to Mycobacterium avium complex // Clin. Infect. Dis. – 2000. – Vol. 302. – P. 288-292.
61. Griffith D.E., Brown B.A., Girard W.M., Griffith B.E., Couch L.A., Wallace R.J. Azithromycin-containing regimens for treatment of Mycobacterium avium
complex lung disease // Clin. Infect. Dis. – 2001. – Vol. 32. – P. 1547-1553.
62. Griffith D.E., Brown B.A., Girard W.M., Murphy D.T., Wallace R.J. Azithromycin activity against Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease in patients
who were not infected with human immunodeficiency virus // Clin. Infect. Dis. – 1996. – Vol. 23. – P. 983-989.
63. Griffith D.E., Brown-Elliott B.A., Langsjoen B., Zhang Y., Pan X., Girard W., Nelson K., Caccitolo J., Alvarez J., Shepherd S., et al. Clarithromycin-resistant
Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease // Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. – 2006. – Vol. 174. – P. 928-934.
64. Griffith D.E., Brown-Elliott B.A., Wallace R.J. Diagnosing nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease. A process in evolution // Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. –
2002. – Vol. 16. – P. 235-249.
65. Griffith D.E., Brown-Elliott B.A., Wallace R.J. Thrice-weekly clarithromycin-containing regimen for treatment of Mycobacterium kansasii lung disease: results
of a preliminary study // Clin. Infect. Dis. – 2003. – Vol. 37. – P. 1178-1182.
66. Griffith D.E., Girard W.M., Wallace R.J. Clinical features of pulmonary disease caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria. An analysis of 154 patients //
Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. – 1993. – Vol. 147. – P. 1271-1278.
67. Griffith D.E.. Nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease // Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. – 2010. – Vol. 23(2). – P. 185-190.
68. Hafeez I., Muers M.F., Murphy S.A. et al. Nontuberculous mycobacterial lung infection complicated by chronic necrotising pulmonary aspergillosis //
Thorax. – 2000. – Vol. 55(8). – P. 717-719.
69. Hatakeyama S., Ohama Y., Okazaki M., Nukui Y., Moriya K. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of rapidly growing mycobacteria isolated in Japan //
BMC Infect. Dis. – 2017. – Vol. 17(1). – P. 197.
70. Haworth C.S., Banks J., Capstick T. et al. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease
(NTM-PD) // Thorax. – 2017. – Vol. 72. Suppl. ii1-ii64.
71. Hayashi M., Takayanagi N., Kanauchi T., Miyahara Y., Yanagisawa T., Sugita Y. Prognostic factors of 634 HIV-negative patients with Mycobacterium avium
complex lung disease // Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. – 2012. – Vol. 185(5). – P. 575-583.
72. Heidarieh P., Mirsaeidi M., Hashemzadeh M. et al. In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Iran // Microb. Drug Resist. –
2016 – Vol. 22(2). – P. 172-178.
73. Heifets L. Mycobacterial infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria // Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med. – 2004. – Vol. 25(3). – P. 283-295.
74. Henriques B., Hoffner S.E., Petrini B. et al. Infection with Mycobacterium malmoense in Sweden: report of 221 cases // Clin. Infect. Dis. – 1994. – Vol. 18. –
P. 596-600.
75. Ho N., Kurashima A., Morimoto K., Hoshino Y., Hasegawa N., Ato M., Mitarai S. Epidemiology of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease, Japan //
Emerg. Infect. Dis. – 2016. – Vol. 22(6). – P. 1116–1117.
76. Hombach M., Somoskövi A., Hömke R., Ritter C., Böttger E.C. Drug susceptibility distributions in slowly growing non-tuberculous mycobacteria using MGIT
960 TB eXiST // Int. J. Med. Microbiol. – 2013. – Vol. 303(5). – P. 270-276.
77. Horita Y., Maeda S., Kazumi Y., Doi N. In vitro susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates to an oral carbapenem alone or in combination with
beta-lactamase inhibitors // Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. – 2014. – Vol. 58(11). – P. 7010–7014.
78. Horsburgh C.R. Epidemiology of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria // Semin. Respir. Infect. – 1996. – Vol. 11. – P. 244-251.
79. Horsburgh C.R., Mason U.G., Heifets L.B., Southwick K., Labrecque J., Iseman M.D. Response to therapy of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
infection correlates with results of in vitro susceptibility testing // Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. – 1987. – Vol. 135. – P. 418-421.
80. Huang C.W., Chen J.H., Hu S.T., Huang W.C., Lee Y.C., Huang C.C. et al. Synergistic activities of tigecycline with clarithromycin or amikacin against rapidly
growing mycobacteria in Taiwan // Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. – 2013. – Vol. 41(3). – P. 218-223.
81. Huang Y.C., Liu M.F., Shen G.H., Lin C.F., Kao C.C., Liu P.Y. et al. Clinical outcome of Mycobacterium abscessus infection and antimicrobial susceptibility
testing // J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. – 2010. – Vol. 43(5). – P. 401-406.
82. Iseman M.D., Marras T.K. The importance of nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease // Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. – 2008. – Vol. 178. – P. 999-1000.
83. Jenkins D.E., Bahar D., Chofnas I. Pulmonary disease due to atypical mycobacteria: current concepts // Transactions 19th Conference on Chemotherapy of
Tuberculosis – 1960. – P. 224-231.
84. Jenkins P.A., Banks J., Campbell I.A., Smith A.P. Mycobacterium kansasii pulmonary infection: a prospective study of the results of nine months of treatment
with rifampicin and ethambutol // Thorax. – 1994. – Vol. 49. – P. 442-445.
85. Jenkins P.A., Campbell I.A. Research Committee of the British Thoracic Society. Pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium xenopi in HIV-negative
patients: five-year follow-up of patients receiving standardised treatment // Respir. Med. – 2003. – Vol. 97. – P. 439-444.
86. Jenkins P.A., Campbell I.A., Banks J., Gelder C.M., Prescott R.J., Smith A.P. Clarithromycin vs ciprofloxacin as adjuncts to rifampicin and ethambutol in the
treatment of opportunist mycobacterial pulmonary diseases and an assessment of the value of immunotherapy with M. vaccae: a pragmatic, randomised trial
by the British Thoracic Society // Thorax. – 2008. – Vol. 63. – P. 627-634.
87. Johnson M.M., Odell J.A. Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary infections // J. Thorac. Dis. – 2014. – Vol. 6 (3). – P. 210-219.
88. Johnston J.C., Chiang L., Elwood K. Mycobacterium kansasii // Microbiol. Spectr. – 2017. – Vol. 5(1). Abstract.
89. Jones M.M., Winthrop K.L., Nelson S.D. et al. Epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in the U.S. Veterans Health Administration //
PLoS One. – 2018. – Vol. 13(6). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197976.
90. Jost K.C., Dunbar D.F., Barth S.S., Headley V.L., Elliott L.B. Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium complex directly from
smear-positive sputum specimens and BACTEC 12B cultures by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and computer-driven
pattern recognition models // J. Clin. Microbiol. – 1995. – Vol. 33. – P. 1270-1277.
91. Kanatani M.S., Guglielmo B.J. The new macrolides: azithromycin and clarithromycin // West J. Med. – 1994. – Vol. 160. – P. 31-37.
92. Kartalija М., Ovrutsky A.R., Bryan C.L. et al. Patients with Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease Exhibit Unique Body and Immune Phenotypes //
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. – 2013. – Vol. 187(2). – P. 197-205.
93. Kasperbauer S.H., Daley C.L. Diagnosis and treatment of infections due to Mycobacterium avium complex // Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med. – 2008. –
Vol. 29(5). – P. 569-576.
94. Kasperbauer S.H., de Groote M.A. The treatment of rapidly growing mycobacterial infections // Clin. Chest Med. – 2015. – Vol. 36(1). – P. 67-78.
95. Kendall B., Winthrop K. Update on the epidemiology of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial infections // Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med. – 2013. –
Vol. 34(1). – P. 87-94.
96. Khan K., Wang J., Marras T.K. Nontuberculous mycobacterial sensitization in the United States: national trends over three decades // Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care
Med. – 2007. – Vol. 176(3). – P. 306-313.
97. Kim E.Y., Chi S.Y., Oh I.J. et al. Treatment оutcome of сombination therapy including clarithromycin for Mycobacterium avium сomplex // Pulmonary Disease
Korean J. Intern. Med. – 2011. – Vol. 26(1). – P. 54-59.
98. Kim R., Greenberg D., Ehrmantraut M. Pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease: prospective study of a distinct preexisting syndrome //
J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. – 2008. – Vol. 178 (10). – P. 1066-1074.
99. Kim S.Y., Kim C.K., Bae I.K. et al. The drug susceptibility profile and inducible resistance to macrolides of Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium
massiliense in Korea // Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. – 2015. – Vol. 81(2). – P. 107-111.
100. Kobashi Y., Matsushima T., Oka M. A double-blind randomized study of aminoglycoside infusion with combined therapy for pulmonary Mycobacterium
avium complex disease // Respir. Med. – 2007. – Vol. 101. – P. 130-138.
101. Kobashi Y., Yoshida K., Miyashita N., Niki Y., Oka M. Relationship between clinical efficacy of treatment of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex
disease and drug-sensitivity testing of Mycobacterium avium complex isolates // J. Infect. Chemother. – 2006. – Vol. 12. – P. 195-202.
102. Koh W., Kwon O., Lee K. Diagnosis and treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary diseases // J. Korean Med. Sci. – 2005. – Vol. 20(6). –
P. 913-925.
103. Koh W.J., Kim Y.H., Kwon O.J. Surgical treatment of pulmonary diseases due to nontuberculous mycobacteria // J. Korean Med. Sci. – 2008. – Vol. 23(3). –
P. 397-401.
104. Korvick J.A., Benson C.A. Mycobacterium avium сomplex infection: Progress in Research and Treatment // New York, NY: Marcel Dekker. – 1996. – P. 1-22.
105. Lai C.C., Tan C.K., Chou C.H. et al. Increasing incidence of nontuberculous mycobacteria, Taiwan, 2000–2008. Emerging infectious diseases // 2010. –
Vol. 16(2). – P. 294-296.
106. Lam P.K., Griffith D.E., Aksamit T.R. et al. Factors related to response to intermittent treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease //
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. – 2006. – Vol. 173. – P. 1283-1289.
107. Leber A., Marras T.K. The cost of medical management of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in Ontario, Canada // ERJ – 2011. –
Vol. 37(5). – P. 1158-1165.
108. Leysen D., Haemers A., Pattyn S.R. Mycobacteria and the new quinolones // Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. – 1989. – Vol. 33. – P. 1-5.
109. Li F., Li G.L., Pang H. et al. Preliminary Study on Drug Susceptibility Profile and Resistance Mechanisms to Macrolides of Clinical Isolates of Non-tuberculous
Mycobacteria from China // Biomed. Environ. Sci. – 2018. – Vol. 31(4). P. 290-299.
110. Li W., Yazidi A., Pandya A.N. et al. MmpL3 as a Target for the Treatment of Drug-Resistant Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections // Front. Microbiol. –
2018. – Vol. 10(9). – P. 1547.
111. Lim A.Y.H., Chotirmall S.H., Fok E.T.K. et al. Profiling non-tuberculous mycobacteria in an Asian setting: characteristics and clinical outcomes of hospitalized
patients in Singapore // BMC Pulm. Med. – 2018. – Vol. 18(1). – P. 85.
112. Malouf M.A., Glanville A.R. The spectrum of mycobacterial infection after lung transplantation // Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. – 1999. – Vol. 160. –
P. 1611-1616.
113. Masson A.M., Prissick F.H. Cervical lymphadenitis in children caused by chromogenic Mycobacteria // Can. Med. Assoc. J. – 1956. – Vol. 75(10). – P. 798-803.
114. McCallum A.D., Watkin S.W., Faccenda J.F. Non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections in the Scottish Borders: identification, management and treatment
outcomes—a retrospective review // J. Royal College Physicians of Edinburgh. – 2011. – Vol. 41(4). – P. 294-303.
115. McGrath E.E., Anderson P.B. The therapeutic approach to non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection of the lung // Department of Respiratory Medicine,
Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, UK. – 2010. – Vol. 23 (5). – P. 389-396. Abstract.
116. Min J., Park J., Lee Y.J. et al. Determinants of recurrence after successful treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease // Int. J. Tuberc. Lung
Dis. – Vol. 19 (10). – 2015. – P. 1239-1245.
117. Mirsaeidi M., Farshidpour M., Ebrahimi G., Aliberti S., Falkinham J.O. Management of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection in The Elderly // Eur. J. Intern.
Med. – 2014. – Vol. 25(4). – P.356-363.
118. Mirsaeidi M., Machado R.F., Garcia J.G.N., Schraufnagel D.E. Nontuberculous mycobacterial disease mortality in the United States, 1999–2010;
A Population-Based Comparative Study // PloS one. – 2014.
119. Mitchell J.D., Bishop A., Cafaro A., Weyant M.J., Pomerantz M. Anatomic lung resection for nontuberculous mycobacterial disease // Ann. Thorac. Surg. –
2008. – Vol. 85 (6). – P. 1887-1892.
120. Moore J., Kruijshaar M.E., Ormerod L.P., Drobniewski F., Abubakar I. Increasing number of non-tuberculous mycobacteria in England, Wales and Northern
Ireland, 1995–2006. Health Protection, Agency Centre for Infections, Respiratory Diseases Department — Tuberculosis Section // BMC public health. – 2010. –
Vol. 10. – P. 612.
121. Moran J.F., Alexander L.G., Stauh E.W., Young W.G., Sealy W.C. Long-term results of pulmonary resection for atypical mycobacterial disease //
Am. Thorac. Surg. – 1983. – Vol. 35. – P. 597-604.
122. Mortaz E., Moloudizargari M., Varahram M. et al. What Immunological Defects Predispose to Non-tuberculosis Mycobacterial Infections? // Iran J. Allergy
Asthma Immunol. – 2018. – Vol. 17(2). – P. 100-109
123. Nash K.A., Zhang Y., Brown-Elliott B.A., Wallace R.J. Molecular basis of intrinsic macrolide resistance in clinical isolates of Mycobacterium fortuitum //
J. Antimicrob. Chemother. – 2005. – Vol. 55(2). – P. 170–177.
124. Nelson K.G., Griffith D.E., Brown B.A., Wallace R.J. Results of operation in Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare lung disease // Ann. Thorac. Surg. – 1998. –
Vol. 66. – P. 325-330.
125. Nie W., Duan H., Huang H., Lu Y., Chu N. Species Identification and Clarithromycin Susceptibility Testing of 278 Clinical Nontuberculosis Mycobacteria
Isolates // Biomed. Res. Int. – 2015. – Vol. 15. — P. 506-598.
126. Nontuberculous Mycobacteriosis Control Committee of the Japanese Society for Tuberculosis; International Exchanging Committee of the Japanese
Society for Tuberculosis. Guidelines for surgical therapy for pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases // Kekkaku. – 2011. – Vol. 86. – P. 41-42.
127. Pang H., Li G., Zhao X., Liu H., Wan K., Yu P. Drug susceptibility testing of 31 antimicrobial agents on rapidly growing mycobacteria isolates from China //
Biomed. Res. Int. – 2015. – 2015:419392. Published online 2015 Aug 13.
128. Patz E.F., Swensen S.J., Erasmus J. Pulmonary manifestations of nontuberculous mycobacteria // Radiol. Clin. North Am. – 1995. – Vol. 33. – P. 719-729.
129. Peloquin C.A., Berning S.E., Nitta A.T., et al. Aminoglycoside toxicity: daily versus thrice-weekly dosing for treatment of mycobacterial diseases //
Clin. Infect. Dis. – 2004. – Vol. 38. – P. 1538-1544.
130. Pezzia W., Raleigh J.W., Bailey M.C., Toth E.A., Silverblatt J. Treatment of pulmonary disease due to Mycobacterium kansasii: recent experience
with rifampin // Rev. Infect. Dis. – 1981. – Vol. 3. – P. 1035-1039.
131. Prevots D.R., Marras T.K. Epidemiology of human pulmonary infection with nontuberculous mycobacteria: a review // Clin. Chest Med. – 2015. –
Vol. 36(1). – P. 13-34.
132. Prevots D.R., Shaw P.A., Strickland D. et al. Nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease prevalence at four integrated health care delivery systems //
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. – 2010. – Vol. 182(7). – P. 970-976.
133. Pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare in HIV-negative patients: five-year follow-up patients receiving standardized treatment
// Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. – 2002. – Vol. 67. – P. 628-634.
134. Qvist T., Gilljam M., Jönsson B. et al. Epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacteria among patients with cystic fibrosis in Scandinavia //
J. Cystic Fibrosis. – 2015. – Vol. 14 (1). – P.46-52.
135. Reich J., Johnson R. Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease // Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. – 1991. – Vol. 143. – P. 1381-1385.
136. Research Committee of the British Thoracic Society. First randomised trial of treatments for pulmonary disease caused by M. avium intracellulare,
M. malmoense and M. xenopi in HIV-negative patients: rifampicin, ethambutol and isoniazid versus rifampicin and ethambutol // Thorax. – 2001. –
Vol. 56. – P. 167-172.
137. Ringshausen F.C., Wagner D., de Roux A. et al. Prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease, Germany, 2009-2014 // Emerg. Infect.
Dis. – 2016. – Vol. 22(6). – P. 1102-1105.
138. Rubin B.K., Henke M.O. Immunomodulatory activity and effectiveness of macrolides in chronic airway disease // Chest. – 2004. – Vol. 125. – P. 70S-78S.
139. Salliot C., Desplaces N., Boisrenoult P. et al. Arthritis due to Mycobacterium xenopi:a retrospective study of 7 cases in France // Clin. Infect. Dis. – 2006. –
Vol. 43. – P. 987-993.
140. Satana D., Erkose-Genc G., Tamay Z., Uzun M., Guler N., Erturan Z. Prevalence and drug resistance of mycobacteria in Turkish cystic fibrosis patients //
Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials. – 2014. – Р. 13-28.
141. Sauret J., Hernandez-Flix S., Castro E., Hernandez L., Ausina V., Coll P. Treatment of pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium kansasii: results
of 18 vs 12 months chemotherapy // Tubecr. Lung Dis. – 1995. – Vol. 76. – P. 104-108.
142. Seibert A.F., Bass J.B. Four drug therapy of pulmonary disease due to Mycobacterium avium complex. Annual meeting of American Thoracic Society //
Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. – 1989. – Vol. 139(S). – P. 399.
143. Sexton P., Harrison A. Susceptibility to nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease // Eur. Respir. J. – 2008. – Vol. 31(6). – P. 1322-1333.
144. Sherwood J.T., Mitchell J.D., Pomerantz M. Completion pneumonectomy for chronic mycobacterial disease // J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. – 2005. –
Vol. 129(6). – P. 1258-1265.
145. Shiraishi Y. Surgical treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease // Gen. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. – 2014. – Vol. 62(8). – P. 475-480.
146. Shiraishi Y., Fukushima K., Komatsu H., Kurashima A. Early pulmonary resection for localized Mycobacterium avium complex disease //
Ann. Thorac. Surg. – 1998. – Vol. 66. – P. 183-186.
147. Shiraishi Y., Katsuragi N., Kita H., Hyogotani A., Saito M.H., Shimoda K. Adjuvant surgical treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease //
Ann. Thorac. Surg. – 2013. – Vol. 96. – P. 287-291.
148. Shiraishi Y., Nakajima Y., Katsuragi N., Kurai M., Takahashi N. Pneumonectomy for nontuberculous mycobacterial infections // Ann. Thorac. Surg. –
2004. – Vol. 78(2). – P. 399-403.
149. Shiraishi Y., Nakajima Y., Takasuna K., Hanaoka T., Katsuragi N., Konno H. Surgery for Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease in the clarithromycin
era // Eur. J. Cardiothorac Surg. – 2002. – Vol. 21. – P. 314-318.
150. Shiva P.B., Tabarsi P., Marjani M., Masjedi M.R. Management and follow up of non-tuberculosis mycobacteria pulmonary infection in 55 infected cases
in Iran // Eur. Respir. J. – 2011. – Vol. 38(55). – P. 4378s.
151. Shteinberg M., Stein N., Adir Y., et al. Prevalence, risk factors and prognosis of nontuberculous mycobacterial infection among people with bronchiectasis:
a population survey // Eur. Respir. J. – 2018. – Vol. 51(5). 1702469. doi: 10.1183/13993003.02469-2017
152. Smith M.J., Citron K.M. Clinical review of pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium xenopi // Thorax. – 1983. – Vol. 38(5). – P. 373-377.
153. Somoskovi A., Mester J., Hale Y.M., Parsons L.M., Salfinger M. Laboratory diagnosis of nontuberculous mycobacteria // Clin. Chest Med. – 2002. – Vol. 23. –
P. 585-597.
154. Song Y., Zhang L., Yang H. et al. Nontuberculous mycobacterium infection in renal transplant recipients: a systematic review // Infect. Dis. (Lond). – 2018 –
Vol. 50(6). – P. 409-416.
155. Springer B., Stockman L., Teschner K., Roberts G.D., Böttger E.C. Two-laboratory collaborative study on identification of mycobacteria: molecular versus
phenotypic methods // J. Clin. Microbiol. – 1996. – Vol. 34. – P. 29.
156. Subcommittee of the Joint Tuberculosis Committee of the British Thoracic Society. Management of opportunist mycobacterial infections: Joint Tuberculosis
Committee guidelines 1999 // Thorax. – 2000. – Vol. 55. – P. 210-218.
157. Tanaka E., Kimoto T., Tsuyuguchi K. et al. Effect of clarithromycin regimen for Mycobacteriuim avium complex pulmonary disease // Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care
Med. – 1999. – Vol. 160. – P. 866-872.
158. Thomas P., Liu F., Weiser W. Characteristics of Mycobacterium xenopi disease // Bull. Int. Union Tuberc. Lung Dis. – 1988. – Vol. 63(3). – P. 12-13.
159. Thomson R.M. Changing epidemiology of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria infections // Emerg. Infect. Dis. – 2010. – Vol. 16(10). – P. 1576-1583.
160. Timpe A., Runyon E.H. The relationship of «atypical» acid-fast bacteria to human disease // J. Lab. Clin. Med. – 1954. – Vol. 44. – P. 202-209.
161. Tortoli E. Clinical manifestation of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections // Clin. Microbiol. Infect. – 2009. – Vol. 15(10). – P. 906-910.
162. Tortoli E. Impact of genotypic studies on mycobacterial taxonomy: the new mycobacteria of the 1990s // Clin. Microbiol. Rev. – 2003. – Vol.16. –
P. 319-354. Abstract.
163. van Ingen J. Treatment of pulmonary disease caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria // Lancet Respir. Med. – 2015. – Vol. 3(3). – P. 179-180.
164. van Ingen J., Boeree M.J., de Lange W.C. et al. Clinical relevance of Mycobacterium szulgai in The Netherlands // Clin. Infect. Dis. – 2008. – Vol. 46. –
P. 1200-1205.
165. van Ingen J., Egelund E.F., Levin A. et al. The Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Pulmonary Mycobacterium avium Complex Disease
Treatment // Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. – 2012. – Vol. 186(6). – P. 559-565.
166. van Ingen J., Ferro B.E., Hoefsloot W. et al. Drug treatment of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in HIV-negative patients: the evidence //
Expert Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther. – 2013. – Vol. 11. – P. 1065-1077.
167. Varadi R.G., Marras T. K. Pulmonary Mycobacterium xenopi infection in non-HIV-infected patients: a systematic review // Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. — 2009. –
Vol. 13(10). – P. 1210-1218.
168. Varghese B., Enani M., Shoukri M. et al. The first Saudi Arabian national inventory study revealed the upcoming challenges of highly diverse non-tuberculous
mycobacterial diseases // PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. – 2018. – Vol. 12 (5).
169. Varghese В., Enani M.A., Althawadi S. et al. Mycobacterium riyadhense in Saudi Arabia // Emerg. Infect. Dis. – 2017. – Vol. 23(10). – P. 1732–1734.
170. Venugopal D., Kumar S., Isa M., Bose M. Drug resistance profile of human Mycobacterium avium complex strains from India // Indian J. Med. Microbiol. –
2007 – Vol. 25(2). – P. 115-120.
171. Viviani1 L., Michael J. Harrison L. et al. Epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) amongst individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) // – 2016. –
V. 15(5). – P. 619–623.
172. von Rhein C.F., Arbeit R.D., Horsburgh R. et al. Sources of disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection in AIDS // J. Infect. – 2002. – Vol. 44. – Р. 166-170.
173. von Rhein C.F., Waddell R.D., Eaton T. et al. Isolation of Mycobacterium avium complex from water in the United States, Finland, Zaire, and Kenya //
J. Clin. Microbiol. – 1993. – Vol. 12. – P. 3227-3230.
174. Wallace R.J., Brown B.A., Griffith D.E. et al. Initial clarithromycin monotherapy for Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex lung disease //
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. – 1994. – Vol. 149. – P. 1335-1341.
175. Wallace R.J., Brown B.A., Griffith D.E., Girard W.M., Murphy D.T. Clarithromycin regimens for pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex:
the first 50 patients // Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. – 1996. – Vol. 153. – P. 1766-1772.
176. Wallace R.J., Brown B.A., Onyi G. Susceptibilities of Mycobacterium fortuitum biovar and the two subgroups of Mycobacterium chelonae to imipenem,
cefmetazole, cefoxitin, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid // Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. – 1991. – Vol. 35. – P. 773-775.
177. Wallace R.J., Brown B.A., Onyi G.O. Skin, soft tissue, and bone infections due to Mycobacterium chelonae: importance of prior corticosteroid therapy,
frequency of disseminated infections, and resistance to oral antimicrobials other than clarithromycin // J. Infect. Dis. – 1992. – Vol. 166. – P. 405-412.
178. Wallace R.J., Brown-Elliott B.A., Crist C.J., Mann L., Wilson R.W. Comparison of the in vitro activity of the glycylcycline tigecycline (formerly GAR-936) with
those of tetracycline, minocycline, and doxycycline against isolates of nontuberculous mycobacteria // Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. – 2002. – Vol. 46(10). –
P. 3164-3167.
179. Wallace R.J., Cook J.L., Glassroth J. et al. American Thoracic Society statement: diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculous
mycobacteria // Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. – 1997. – Vol. 156. – P. S1-S25.
180. Wallace R.J., Dukart G., Brown-Elliott B.A., Griffith D.E., Scerpella E.G., Marshall B. Clinical experience in 52 patients with tigecycline-containing regimens
for salvage treatment of Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium chelonae infections // J. Antimicrob. Chemother. – 2014. – Vol. 69(7). – P. 1945-1953.
181. Wallace R.J., Dunbar D., Brown B.A. et al. Rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium kansasii // Clin. Infect. Dis. – 1994. – Vol. 18. – P. 736-743.
182. Wallace R.J., Swenson J.M., Silcox V.A., Bullen M.G. Treatment of non-pulmonary infections due to Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium chelonei
on the basis of in vitro susceptibilities // J. Infect. Dis. – 1985. – Vol. 152. – P. 500-514.
183. Wallace R.J., Tanner D., Brennan P.J., Brown B.A. Clinical trial of clarithromycin for cutaneous (disseminated) infection due to Mycobacterium chelonae //
Ann. Intern. Med. – 1993. – Vol. 119. – P. 482-486.
184. Wallace R.J., Zhang Y., Brown-Elliott B.A. et al. Repeat positive cultures in Mycobacterium intracellulare lung disease after macrolide therapy represent new
infections in patients with nodular bronchiectasis // J. Infect. Dis. – 2002. – Vol. 186. – P. 266-273.
185. Wassilew N., Hoffmann H., Andrejak C., Lange C. Pulmonary disease caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria // Respiration. – 2016. – Vol. 91(5). –
P. 386-402.
186. Winthrop K. Pulmonary disease due to nontuberculous mycobacteria: an epidemiologists view // Future Microbiol. – 2010. – Vol. 5 (3). – P. 343-345.
187. Wolinsky E. Nontuberculous mycobacteria and associated diseases // Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. – 1979. – Vol. 119(1). – P. 107-159.
188. Wu T.S., Leu H.S., Chiu C.H. et al. Clinical manifestations, antibiotic susceptibility and molecular analysis of Mycobacterium kansasii isolates
from a university hospital in Taiwan // J. Antimicrob. Chemother. – 2009. – Vol. 64(3). – P. 511-514.
189. Yamada K., Sugiyama T., Yasuda A. et al. A study of relapse/recurrence cases after surgical treatment for patients with pulmonary nontuberculous
mycobacteriosis [in Japanese] // Kekkaku. – 2013. – Vol. 88. – P. 469-475.
190. Yang S.C., Hsueh P.R., Lai H.C. et al. High prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in rapidly growing mycobacteria in Taiwan // Antimicrob. Agents
Chemother. – 2003. – Vol. 47(6). – P. 1958-1962.
191. Yeager H.Jr., Raleigh J.W. Pulmonary disease due to Mycobacterium intracellulare // Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. – 1973. – Vol. 108. – P. 547-552.
192. Young L.S., Wiviott L., Wu M. et al. Azithromycin for treatment of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex infection in patients with AIDS //
Lancet. – 1991. – Vol. 338. – P. 1107-1109.
